The Human Challenge in the Energy Transition

David Smeulders, Professor of Energy Technology at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)

A system approach for efficient grid use

To achieve CO₂ reduction targets within the next ten years, it is essential to view the entire energy system as an integrated whole, rather than implementing fragmented partial solutions. By aligning supply and demand more effectively, investment costs can be reduced and grid congestion alleviated. In theory, this makes perfect sense; in practice, it remains a challenge. For example, energy exchange “behind the meter” is often made legally complex by grid operators, who prefer to work with a single connection and point of contact.

A possible solution could be the creation of a new type of legal entity—an “Energy Hub”—similar to a homeowners’ association. An entity like this could coordinate agreements, assume accountability, and act as a central point of contact for all stakeholders. This system approach requires cross-disciplinary cooperation but has the potential to make the energy system more efficient and transparent.

Energy storage innovations

In addition to efficient grid use, technological innovation is also vital. At Energy Technology, we are researching advanced storage technologies which are capable of handling daily and seasonal variations. One solution is storing energy in the form of heat, for example, using Phase Change Materials (PCMs). These materials absorb heat when changing phase (e.g., from solid to liquid) and release it again when reversing the phase change.

Hydrogen production through electrolysis is another promising option. Electricity is converted into hydrogen, which can then be stored and later converted back into electricity via fuel cells. These technologies offer opportunities to ease congestion and make the grid more efficient.

Human capital: the missing link

Solving grid congestion is not just a matter of technology and finances; it requires skilled people—from university-trained engineers designing complex systems to technicians who can safely and efficiently connect transformer substations. Right now, there are shortages at every level. This means universities, as well as secondary and higher technical education institutions, have a crucial responsibility to train enough qualified professionals. Unfortunately, this is a chicken-and-egg problem: experienced professionals are needed to train the next generation.

Material availability also plays a role. Long lead times slow project progress, increasing pressure on the network. However, the biggest bottleneck remains manpower. This is a significant challenge for both education and the labor market.

Peoples’ perceptions of working in electrical engineering is often outdated— it’s seen as heavy and dangerous work. The reality is very different, though. With an electrical engineering background, you can develop software, create digital simulations, design Digital Twins, and even operate in the energy market like a stock trader. Many high school students have no idea these possibilities exist. It is time to change that perception and inspire young people to become part of our diverse sector.

The tight labor market demands new technical talent. Yet, 70% of high school students studying all the right subjects choose not to pursue a technical degree. This is where universities, vocational schools, and industry can play an important role. Companies contribute by offering internships, graduation projects, and open days—initiatives valued on all sides that help spark young people’s interest in a technical career. For this, I would like to thank HyTEPS.

At the university, we are also actively considering how we can encourage people to stay in the Netherlands after they have completed their studies. The Brainport region invests heavily in internationalization, but it is important that a number of people with deep technical expertise feel a strong connection to this region and want to work on solving local and regional challenges. Municipalities, provinces, and water boards want to engage with universities, and that requires us to understand their needs, local culture, legislation, and long-term vision.

The energy transition requires more than just technology and funding. It requires people, collaboration, and a system-wide approach. By investing in education, strengthening cooperation, and embracing innovative solutions, we can tackle the challenges of grid congestion and build a sustainable energy system for the future.